India’s population hits 1.46 billion in 2025 as fertility rate drops below replacement level: UN

India's population has touched 1.46 billion in 2025, making it the world’s most populous country, according to the latest UNFPA report State of World Population 2025. But behind the growing number lies a significant demographic transition—India’s fertility rate has now declined to 1.9 births per woman, below the replacement level of 2.1.

This drop reflects a shift in reproductive behaviour shaped by improved education, access to healthcare, and women's empowerment over the decades. In 1960, Indian women had nearly six children on average; today, they have about two. Yet the report underlines that millions still face unmet reproductive goals due to persistent inequalities across states, caste lines, and income levels.

Despite the slowdown in birth rates, India still holds a demographic advantage. Around 68% of its population is of working age, with a significant youth segment. If supported by the right policies and job opportunities, this can translate into a strong economic dividend. Meanwhile, the elderly population is expected to grow, with life expectancy rising to 71 for men and 74 for women.

Experts warn that the real issue is not underpopulation but the lack of reproductive agency. India must focus on empowering individuals to make informed choices about their reproductive lives. As the population is projected to peak around 1.7 billion before declining, the coming decades offer a critical window to align health, education, and employment systems with demographic realities.